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	<link>http://ferie-id.com</link>
	<description>mimbar pena dan tutorial</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Mon, 08 Feb 2010 19:24:09 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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		<title>Facebook Chat Lag</title>
		<link>http://ferie-id.com/komputer/facebook-chat-lag</link>
		<comments>http://ferie-id.com/komputer/facebook-chat-lag#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Feb 2010 19:24:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ferie</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Komputer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Network]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tutorial]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ferie-id.com/?p=411</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Saat berselancar dari link satu ke link yang lainnya di dalam Facebook, terkadang sesuatu yang tidak kita-inginkan sering kali terjadi. Secara tiba-tiba Mozilla Firefox versi terbaru yang barusaja diinstalkan di PC warnet, mengalami &#8216;CRASH&#8217; atau &#8216;heng&#8217;, hingga aktifitas yang kita lakukan saat ber-facebook akan terganggu. Hal ini selalu terjadi saat kita hendak membuka chating di [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Saat berselancar dari link satu ke link yang lainnya di dalam Facebook, terkadang sesuatu yang tidak kita-inginkan sering kali terjadi. Secara tiba-tiba Mozilla Firefox versi terbaru yang barusaja diinstalkan di PC warnet, mengalami &#8216;CRASH&#8217; atau &#8216;heng&#8217;, hingga aktifitas yang kita lakukan saat ber-facebook akan terganggu. Hal ini selalu terjadi saat kita hendak membuka chating di facebook.</p>
<p>Mengapa begitu?. Menurut pengalaman aku, ketika aku membandingkan 2 buah komputer berbeda dengan spec sama, tetapi komputer yang 1 diinstalkan Mozilla Firefox versi terbaru 3.5.xxx, dan komputer lainnya menggunakan Mozilla Firefox 3.1.xxx. Keduanya aku login-kan ke facebook dengan account yang berbeda. Kemudian aku buka facebook chat di kedua komputer tersebut, dalam waktu singkat, memang tidak terjadi kendala apa-apa, tetapi setelah 1menit+ komputer yang terinstal Mozilla Firefox Versi 3.5 terbaru mulai mengalami apa yang dinamakan LAG. Aku perhatikan pada task manager windows, 50% Memory dipakai oleh &#8216;firefos&#8217;. Sedangkan komputer yang menggunakan Versi lama tidak terjadi kendala seperti itu. Ini pengalamanku saja, hal berbeda mungkin terjadi dikalangan pembaca sekalian.<span id="more-411"></span></p>
<p>Saat terjadi seperti itu, &#8216;apa yang aku pikirkan?&#8217;, aku mengangkat LEVEL Mozilla Firefox Versi 3.5.xxx sebagai tersangka. Dengan katalain dialah penyebab komputer ini jadi heng. Memang betul, setelah aku coba menggunakan Opera dan IE, hal ini tidak terjadi lagi. Aku tidak berhenti sampai disitu. Aku harus tau penyebabnya apa, mengapa di versi lama kok aman-aman saja?, bukankah Mozilla sudah memperhitungkan setiap produk-produk barunya?. (Belum test untuk versi 3.6)</p>
<p>Ku tahu kalau facebook menggunakan javascript untuk aplikasi chatingnya. Walaupun aku tidak ahli di bidang script dan programmer, tetapi menurut para ahli penggunaan javascript yang berlebihan pada website tertentu akan memperlambat kinerja website itu sendiri. Mozilla dengan versi terbarunya bangga mengemukakan beberapa fitur-fitur baru yang diramunya untuk melengkapi peluncuran produk ini. Firefox pasti mendukung javascript, mengapa kok malah bentrok?. Aku rasa ini bukan pertanyaan yang tepat untukku yang tidaklah ahli dibidang ini.</p>
<p>Tidak lebih dari itu, aku ingin memberikan solusi dari pengalaman ini kepada teman-teman, dan pembaca sekalian.</p>
<p><strong>1. Mengganti dengan Browser jenis lain seperti Opera, safari, dll</strong></p>
<p>Hal ini mungkin terlepas dari pertanyaan Mengapa aku harus pindah dari browser kesayanganku ini?.</p>
<p><strong>2. Tetap menggunakan Mozilla Firefox, tetapi versi lama 3.1.xxx</strong></p>
<p>Menanggapi pertanyaan di point 1, jika memang browser kesayanganku ini tidak dapat dikalahkan oleh jenis lain, baik dari tampilan maupun penampilannya. Toh banyak website yang tidak bagus tampilannya di selain Mozilla Firefox.</p>
<p><strong>3. Mozilla Firefox Versi terbaru (3.5.xxx)</strong></p>
<p>Rasa malas download sering menjadi kendala saat mau menginstal aplikasi-aplikasi warnet atau rumahan. Apalagi dengan modal koneksi yang pas-pasan. &#8216;Jangan putus asa&#8217;, itu yang sering aku dengar dari orang tua, teman-teman, suadara, dan media-media masa. Kita masih punya solusi. Karena aku rasa javascript di Facebook dan di Mozilla Firefox tidak bersahabat (confilict), mengapa tidak salah satunya saja kita matikan?, javascript di facebook tidak mungkin kita matikan karena bukan kita adminnya, tetapi Firefox dapat kita rombak sedemikian rupa sehingga sesuai dengan apa yang kita inginkan.</p>
<p>Bagai mana caranya?</p>
<p>Aku rasa ini bukan hal baru dalam dunia internet, &#8216;Menjadikan Firefox menjadi kencang&#8217; itu adalah keyword yang lumayan banyak digunakan para blogger dan webmaster handal. Berbekal darisana, kita diajari untuk membuka apa yang dinamakan &#8216;<strong>about:config</strong>&#8216;. Nah disana kita melakukan settingan-settingan yang lumayan kita tidak tau apa yang kita lakukan, hehehe&#8230;</p>
<pre><strong>about:config</strong>
</pre>
<p>Nah about:config kita ketikkan di addressbar Mozilla Firefox, kemudian anda akan diarahkan masuk ke settingan rahasia dari Mozilla Firefox. Setelah jendelanya terbuka, silakan anda cari &#8216;<strong>javascript.options.jit.content</strong>&#8216;, kemudian klik 2x dan true akan berubah menjadi false. Kemudian silakan Restart Mozilla Firefox anda.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
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		<title>Tips Fotografi Pemula</title>
		<link>http://ferie-id.com/tutorial/tips-fotografi-pemula</link>
		<comments>http://ferie-id.com/tutorial/tips-fotografi-pemula#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Feb 2010 12:49:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Donny Love Anju</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Tutorial]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ferie-id.com/?p=408</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[artikel dari: Silverline Studio Blog
Di dalam memorize, selalu ada hal yg prioritas di benak kita. Kalau tidak ada namanya kamera pocket. Terutama setelah kita mengetahui efek dari masing masing kombinasi.
Mayoritas digolongkan menjadi dua bagian besar yaitu; Aperture Priority, dimana dlm memotret kita menghendaki efek dari bukaan (Photography Jakarta) tertentu sebagai factor yg ditetapkan� yang lain [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>artikel dari: <a title="Silverline Studio Blog" href="http://silverline-studio-blog.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/silverline-studio-blog.blogspot.com/?referer=');">Silverline Studio Blog</a></p>
<p><span class="CommentLarge"><span style="font-family: Arial;font-size: 10pt"><span class="awal">D</span>i dalam memorize, selalu ada hal yg prioritas di benak kita. Kalau tidak ada namanya kamera pocket. Terutama setelah kita mengetahui efek dari masing masing kombinasi.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial;font-size: 10pt">Mayoritas digolongkan menjadi dua bagian besar yaitu; Aperture Priority, dimana dlm memotret kita menghendaki efek dari bukaan (<span class="commentlarge1"><span><a href="http://id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290&amp;referer=');"><span style="color: windowtext;text-decoration: none">Photography Jakarta</span></a>) </span></span>tertentu sebagai factor yg ditetapkan� yang lain variable.; Speed Priority dimana dlm memotret kita menghendaki speed tertentu dlm mengabadikan moment, yang lain variable.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial;font-size: 10pt"><span id="more-408"></span>Memotret pemandangan yang semuanya akan ditonjolkan membutuhkan dept of field yang besar sehingga org dapat menset bukaan sekecil mungkin. Memotret model di mana dihendaki pengisolasian subject dari lingkungan membutuhkan dept of field yang sekecil mungkin (<span class="commentlarge1"><span><a href="http://id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290&amp;referer=');"><span style="color: windowtext;text-decoration: none">Wedding Photography Jakarta</span></a>) </span></span>.<br />
<a name="more"></a><br />
</span><span style="font-family: Arial;font-size: 10pt">Kecepatan (<span class="commentlarge1"><span><a href="http://id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290&amp;referer=');"><span style="color: windowtext;text-decoration: none">Album Photography</span></a>) </span></span>yang merupakan variable diset mengikuti takaran sesuai ISO yg dipilih. Kalau perlu pakai tripod atau monopod. Memotret pemandangan tanpa tripod orang akan mempertahankan kecepatan terendah yang dia bisa pertahankan, aperture akan mengikuti. Memotret sport dgn kecepatan tinggi orang akan menetapkan speed yang tinggi dan aperture mengikuti. Demikian pula memotret low exposure dan panning orang akan menetapkan speed yang akan diikuti aperture sesuai ISO yang dipakai. Klik <span class="commentlarge1"><span><a href="http://id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290&amp;referer=');"><span style="color: windowtext;text-decoration: none">Wedding Photography Jakarta</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290&amp;referer=');"><span style="color: windowtext;text-decoration: none">Wedding Photography</span></a>.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial;font-size: 10pt">Komponen Variabel yang mensuport pilihan di atas juga harus dipilih untuk lebih memperkuat pilihan efek yang hendak dibuat. Memotret (<span class="commentlarge1"><span><a href="http://id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290&amp;referer=');"><span style="color: windowtext;text-decoration: none">Album Photography</span></a>)</span></span> pemandangan orang cenderung memakai wide angle lens yang memiliki dept of field yg dalam dan distorsi cembung.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial;font-size: 10pt">Dlm memilih ISO juga cenderung memakai film ISO rendah yang memiliki butiran yang halus yang akan menunjang dept of field yang dalam tersebut. Memotret (<span class="commentlarge1"><span><a href="http://id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290&amp;referer=');"><span style="color: windowtext;text-decoration: none">Photography Jakarta</span></a>) </span></span>model orang cenderung memakai tele yang memiliki depth of field yg tipis dan distorsi cekung yang akan membuat muka org menjadi langsingan. Kalau perlu memakai fast lens yang memiliki bukaan 2,8 bahkan 1.8. lihat <span class="commentlarge1"><span><a href="http://id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.88db.com/id/Services/Post_Detail.page/Buy_Sell/Clothing_Shoes_Accessories/?PostID=239290&amp;referer=');"><span style="color: windowtext;text-decoration: none">Wedding Photography</span></a>.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial;font-size: 10pt">Komponen penunjang lainnya seperti tripod di mana kecepatan yang dipilih lebih rendah dari yang mampu kita tahan. Netral Density Filter dimana kecepatan yang dihasilkan dari bukaan yang paling memungkinkan masih lebih cepat dari yang kita inginkan.</span></p>
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		<item>
		<title>Jaringan Komputer</title>
		<link>http://ferie-id.com/komputer/jaringan-komputer</link>
		<comments>http://ferie-id.com/komputer/jaringan-komputer#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 09 Jan 2010 17:40:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ferie</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Komputer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Network]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[jaringan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ferie-id.com/?p=403</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Artikel ini di kutip dari : http://ridwanhafiz.blogspot.com
Jaringan komputer adalah sebuah sistem yang terdiri atas komputer dan perangkat jaringan lainnya yang bekerja bersama-sama untuk mencapai suatu tujuan yang sama. Tujuan dari jaringan komputer adalah:
•Membagi sumber daya: contohnya berbagi pemakaian printer, CPU, memori, harddisk 
•Komunikasi: contohnya surat elektronik, instant messaging, chatting 
•Akses informasi: contohnya web browsing 
Agar [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="color: #99ccff;"><img class="alignleft" src="http://rohm4n.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/jaringan-lan04.jpg" alt="jaringan lan04 Jaringan Komputer" width="162" height="151" title="Jaringan Komputer" />Artikel ini di kutip dari : http://ridwanhafiz.blogspot.com</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Jaringan</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sebuah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem?referer=');">sistem</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">terdiri</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer?referer=');">komputer</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">perangkat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lainnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bekerja</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bersama-sama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mencapai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tujuan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Tujuan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">:</span></p>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Membagi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sumber</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">daya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">: </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">contohnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berbagi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pemakaian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer?referer=');">printer</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU?referer=');">CPU</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memori" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memori?referer=');">memori</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harddisk" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harddisk?referer=');">harddisk</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Komunikasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">: </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">contohnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_elektronik" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_elektronik?referer=');">surat</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_elektronik" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_elektronik?referer=');"> </a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_elektronik" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_elektronik?referer=');">elektronik</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging?referer=');">instant messaging</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatting" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatting?referer=');">chatting</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Akses</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">informasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">: </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">contohnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">web browsing</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span></div>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Agar </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mencapai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tujuan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">setiap</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bagian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">meminta</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">memberikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">layanan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">service</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">). </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Pihak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">meminta</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">layanan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">klien</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">client</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">memberikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">layanan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pelayan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">server</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">). </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Arsitektur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> client-server, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">hampir</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">seluruh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">aplikasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.<span id="more-403"></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />
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<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: &quot;;font-size:130%;color:black;&quot;;">KOMPONEN JARINGAN KOMPUTER</span></p>
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<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 100%;">Hardware<br />
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<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">alat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dipakai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mengolah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data?referer=');">data</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menurut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosedur" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosedur?referer=');">prosedur</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">telah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dirumuskan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Kata</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">computer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">semula</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dipergunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menggambarkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">orang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">perkerjaannya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">melakukan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: blue;">per</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitung" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitung?referer=');">hitungan</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmatika" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritmatika?referer=');">aritmatika</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tanpa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">alat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> bantu, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tetapi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">arti</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">kata</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">kemudian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dipindahkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">kepada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mesin</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">itu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sendiri</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Asal</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mulanya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pengolahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">informasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">hampir</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">eksklusif</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berhubungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">masalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">aritmatika</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tetapi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> modern </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dipakai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">banyak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tugas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berhubungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika?referer=');">matematika</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZiYxi_tKI/AAAAAAAAAAM/tC1EaCWH60Q/s1600-h/COMPUTER.gif" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/3.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZiYxi_tKI/AAAAAAAAAAM/tC1EaCWH60Q/s1600-h/COMPUTER.gif?referer=');"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397109381206619298" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 259px; height: 187px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZiYxi_tKI/AAAAAAAAAAM/tC1EaCWH60Q/s320/COMPUTER.gif" border="0" alt="COMPUTER Jaringan Komputer"  title="Jaringan Komputer" /></a></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZjQZUjicI/AAAAAAAAAAc/9TA3vWGpfdQ/s1600-h/NCR-CORPORATION-8088-Personal-Computer-PC-6-1.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/1.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZjQZUjicI/AAAAAAAAAAc/9TA3vWGpfdQ/s1600-h/NCR-CORPORATION-8088-Personal-Computer-PC-6-1.png?referer=');"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397110336776276418" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 290px; height: 223px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZjQZUjicI/AAAAAAAAAAc/9TA3vWGpfdQ/s320/NCR-CORPORATION-8088-Personal-Computer-PC-6-1.png" border="0" alt="NCR CORPORATION 8088 Personal Computer PC 6 1 Jaringan Komputer"  title="Jaringan Komputer" /></a></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/TIKA-A%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.png" alt="moz screenshot 1 Jaringan Komputer"  title="Jaringan Komputer" /></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/TIKA-A%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.png" alt="moz screenshot Jaringan Komputer"  title="Jaringan Komputer" /><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 15pt; color: black;"> </span></p>
<p><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZjBwk4qcI/AAAAAAAAAAU/edkipR7a3lY/s1600-h/NCR-CORPORATION-8088-Personal-Computer-PC-6-1.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/4.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZjBwk4qcI/AAAAAAAAAAU/edkipR7a3lY/s1600-h/NCR-CORPORATION-8088-Personal-Computer-PC-6-1.png?referer=');"><br />
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<p><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/TIKA-A%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-2.png" alt="moz screenshot 2 Jaringan Komputer"  title="Jaringan Komputer" /></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: &quot;;font-size:18pt;color:black;&quot;;"> </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; color: black;"> </span> ( Komputer Personal ) ( NCR Corporation )</p>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">NIC ( network Operating System )</span></div>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">Adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">hal</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> yang paling </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">penting</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">sebuah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">. NIC </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">sebuah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">kartu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">dimasukkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">Fungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">utama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> NIC </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">membuat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> frame </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">meneruskan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> signal </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">biner</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">keluar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">meneruskannya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">kabel</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">. NIC </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">alat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">menentukan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">apakah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> frame yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">dipakai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">ethernet</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> , token ring </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">lainnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">Masing-masing</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> NIC </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">mempunyai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">kode</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">unik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> Media Access Control (MAC) address. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">Alamat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">mengontrol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">komunikasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> data </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">antar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> host yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">berada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; color: black;">.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Media </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">komunikasi</span><br />
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<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Media </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komunikasi</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">semua</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sarana</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dipergunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">memproduksi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mereproduksi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mendistribusikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menyebarkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menyampaikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">informasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZlbrznWwI/AAAAAAAAAAk/7kT7pxEV9Y8/s1600-h/networks.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/2.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZlbrznWwI/AAAAAAAAAAk/7kT7pxEV9Y8/s1600-h/networks.jpg?referer=');"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397112729740204802" style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 302px; height: 320px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZlbrznWwI/AAAAAAAAAAk/7kT7pxEV9Y8/s320/networks.jpg" border="0" alt="networks Jaringan Komputer"  title="Jaringan Komputer" /></a></p>
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<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> Software<br />
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<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> Network Operating System ( NOS )</span></div>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">operasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> / </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">operasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">diperuntukkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. NOS </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mengelola</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=interaction" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=interaction&amp;referer=');">interaksi</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">antara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=personal%20computer" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=personal_20computer&amp;referer=');">komputer</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=personal%20computer" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=personal_20computer&amp;referer=');"> </a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=personal%20computer" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=personal_20computer&amp;referer=');">pribadi</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=LAN" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=LAN&amp;referer=');">LAN</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=server" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=server&amp;referer=');">server</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">memungkinkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> PC </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=access" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=access&amp;referer=');">mengakses</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=information" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=information&amp;referer=');">informasi</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=transaction" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=transaction&amp;referer=');">transaksi</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">koordinasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=communication" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=communication&amp;referer=');">komunikasi</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dipakai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bersama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></p>
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<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> Network Adapter Driver</span></div>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Sebuah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">perangkat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">keras</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menghubungkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Sebuah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> network adapter </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bisa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berupa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">kartu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> PCI </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ataupun</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">terhubung</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sebuah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">eksternal</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> USB </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> parallel port.</span></p>
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<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span></div>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sebuah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">aturan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">standar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mengatur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mengijinkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">terjadinya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">hubungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi?referer=');">komunikasi</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">perpindahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> data </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">antara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dua</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">titik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer?referer=');">komputer</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">membuat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tiga</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">hal</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">harus</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dipertimbangkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">efektivitas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">kehandalan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Kemampuan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">kondisi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">gagal</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> network. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Standarisasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF?referer=');">IETF</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ETSI&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ETSI_amp_action=edit_amp_redlink=1&amp;referer=');">ETSI</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU?referer=');">ITU</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, dan </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ANSI&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ANSI_amp_action=edit_amp_redlink=1&amp;referer=');">ANSI</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">TCP/IP )</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">terdiri</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> sub-</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">beroperasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berbeda</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">standar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> internet. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">memberikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">nomor</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">unik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">setiap</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">terkoneksi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Satu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> set </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">standar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menghubungkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mengalamati</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lalu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lintas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mengatur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> format data yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">diijinkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">penanganan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">kesalahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (error handling), </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lalu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lintas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pesan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">standar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komunikasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lainnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. TCP/IP </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">harus</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bekerja</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">diatas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">segala</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tanpa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">terpengaruh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">perbedaan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">perangkat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">keras</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">maupun</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">operasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></p>
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<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">OSI ( Operating System </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Interconection</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> )</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Disebut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">juga</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> model &#8220;</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Model </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tujuh</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> lapis OSI</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">&#8221; (</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">OSI seven layer model</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">).</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZmYTqK8OI/AAAAAAAAAAs/KvQbiOTMd9M/s1600-h/OSI.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/4.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZmYTqK8OI/AAAAAAAAAAs/KvQbiOTMd9M/s1600-h/OSI.png?referer=');"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397113771230163170" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 266px; height: 243px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZmYTqK8OI/AAAAAAAAAAs/KvQbiOTMd9M/s320/OSI.png" border="0" alt="OSI Jaringan Komputer"  title="Jaringan Komputer" /></a></p>
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<p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 15pt; color: black;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 15pt; color: black;"> </span><br />
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<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">7 </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> OSI</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span></p>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">1.</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_fisik" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_fisik?referer=');">Physical layer</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Berfungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mendefinisikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> media </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">transmisi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">metode</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pensinyalan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sinkronisasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> bit, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">arsitektur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">halnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet?referer=');">Ethernet</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_Ring" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_Ring?referer=');">Token Ring</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">), </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi_jaringan" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi_jaringan?referer=');">topologi</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi_jaringan" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi_jaringan?referer=');"> </a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi_jaringan" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi_jaringan?referer=');">jaringan</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pengabelan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Selain</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">itu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, level </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">juga</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mendefinisikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bagaimana</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Interface_Card" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Interface_Card?referer=');">Network Interface Card</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (NIC) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berinteraksi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> media </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabel" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabel?referer=');">kabel</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio?referer=');">radio</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></div>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">2.</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_data-link" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_data-link?referer=');">Data-link layer</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Befungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menentukan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bagaimana</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> bit-bit data </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dikelompokkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> format yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">frame</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Selain</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">itu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> level </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">koreksi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">kesalahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">flow control</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pengalamatan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_keras" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_keras?referer=');">perangkat</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_keras" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_keras?referer=');"> </a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_keras" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_keras?referer=');">keras</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">halnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_Address" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_Address?referer=');">Media Access Control Address (MAC Address)</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">), </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menetukan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bagaimana</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">perangkat-perangkat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub?referer=');">hub</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge?referer=');">bridge</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repeater&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repeater_amp_action=edit_amp_redlink=1&amp;referer=');">repeater</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer_2_switch" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer_2_switch?referer=');">switch layer 2</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">beroperasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Spesifikasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> IEEE 802, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">membagi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">level</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dua</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> level </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">anak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Link_Control" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Link_Control?referer=');">Logical Link Control</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (LLC) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Access_Control" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Access_Control?referer=');">Media Access Control</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (MAC).</span></div>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">3.</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_jaringan" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_jaringan?referer=');">Network layer</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Berfungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mendefinisikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengalamatan_IP" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengalamatan_IP?referer=');">alamat-alamat</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengalamatan_IP" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengalamatan_IP?referer=');"> IP</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">membuat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">header</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paket_jaringan" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paket_jaringan?referer=');">paket-paket</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">kemudian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">melakukan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> routing </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">internetworking</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menggunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router?referer=');">router</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Layer_3_switch&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Layer_3_switch_amp_action=edit_amp_redlink=1&amp;referer=');">switch layer-3</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></div>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">4.</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_transport" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_transport?referer=');">Transport layer</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Berfungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">memecah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> data </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">paket-paket</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> data </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">serta</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">memberikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">nomor</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">urut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">paket-paket</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sehingga</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">disusun</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">kembali</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sisi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tujuan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">setelah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">diterima</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Selain</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">itu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> level </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">juga</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">membuat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sebuah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tanda</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bahwa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">paket</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">diterima</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sukses</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (acknowledgement), </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mentransmisikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ulang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">terhadp</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">paket-paket</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">hilang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tengah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jalan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></div>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">5.</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_sesi" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_sesi?referer=');">Session layer</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Berfungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mendefinisikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bagaimana</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">koneksi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dibuat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dipelihara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dihancurkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Selain</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">itu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> level </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">juga</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dilakukan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">resolusi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">nama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></div>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">6.</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_presentasi" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_presentasi?referer=');">Presentation layer</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Berfungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mentranslasikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data?referer=');">data</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">hendak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ditransmisikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">aplikasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> format yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ditransmisikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> level </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">perangkat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lunak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">redirektor</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">redirector software</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">), </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">layanan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Workstation</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT?referer=');">Windows NT</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">juga</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_shell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_shell_amp_action=edit_amp_redlink=1&amp;referer=');">Network shell</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">semacam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtual_Network_Computing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtual_Network_Computing_amp_action=edit_amp_redlink=1&amp;referer=');">Virtual Network Computing</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (VNC) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol?referer=');">Remote Desktop Protocol</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (RDP)).</span></div>
<p><span style="font-size: 100%;">7.</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_aplikasi" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapisan_aplikasi?referer=');">Application layer</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Berfungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">antarmuka</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">aplikasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">fungsionalitas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mengatur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bagaimana</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">aplikasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mengakses</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">kemudian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">membuat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pesan-pesan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">kesalahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP?referer=');">HTTP</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTP" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTP?referer=');">FTP</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTP" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTP?referer=');">SMTP</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System?referer=');">NFS</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px;" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">Tabel 1. Hubungan referensi model OSI dengan  protokol Internet</span></p>
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-left-width: 0pt; color: #111111; height: 640px;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: 1px solid #111111; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" colspan="3" width="14%" height="16" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">MODEL OSI</span></td>
<td style="border-top: 1px solid #111111; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" rowspan="2" width="8%" height="33" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">TCP/IP</span></td>
<td style="border-top: 1px solid #111111; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" colspan="2" width="34%" height="16" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">PROTOKOL TCP/IP</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="5%" height="16" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">NO.</span></td>
<td style="border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" colspan="2" width="10%" height="16" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">LAPISAN</span></td>
<td style="border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="16%" height="16" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">NAMA PROTOKOL</span></td>
<td style="border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="13%" height="16" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">KEGUNAAN</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" rowspan="8" width="5%" height="199" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">7</span></td>
<td style="border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" colspan="2" rowspan="8" width="10%" height="199" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">Aplikasi</span></td>
<td style="border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" rowspan="15" width="8%" height="350" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">Aplikasi</span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="32" align="center">
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"> <span style="font-size: 85%;">DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="32" align="center">
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk distribusi IP pada jaringan dengan jumlah IP      yang terbatas</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">DNS (Domain      Name Server)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Data base nama      domain mesin dan nomer IP</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">FTP (File      Transfer Protocol)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk      transfer file</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">HTTP (HyperText      Transfer Protocol)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk      transfer file HTML dan Web</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">MIME      (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extention)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk      mengirim file binary dalam bentuk teks</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">NNTP (Networ      News Transfer Protocol)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk      menerima dan mengirim newsgroup</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">POP (Post      Office Protocol)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="16" align="left">
<p style="line-height: 11.25pt; text-align: left;" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk      mengambil mail dari server</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="32" align="left">
<p style="text-align: left;" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">SMB (Server      Message Block)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk      transfer berbagai server file DOS dan Windows</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" rowspan="4" width="5%" height="83" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">6</span></td>
<td style="border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" colspan="2" rowspan="4" width="10%" height="83" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">Presentasi</span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">SMTP (Simple      Mail Transfer Protocol)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk      pertukaran mail</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">SNMP (Simple      Network Management Protocol)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk      manejemen jaringan</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Telnet</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk      akses dari jarak jauh</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">TFTP (Trivial      FTP)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk      transfer file</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" rowspan="3" width="5%" height="66" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">5</span></td>
<td style="border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" colspan="2" rowspan="3" width="10%" height="66" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">Sessi</span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">NETBIOS      (Network Basic Input Output System)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">BIOS jaringan      standar</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">RPC (Remote      Procedure Call)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Prosedur      pemanggilan jarak jauh</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">SOCKET</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Input Output      untuk network jenis BSD-UNIX</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" rowspan="2" width="5%" height="65" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">4</span></td>
<td style="border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="10%" height="65" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">Transport</span></td>
<td style="border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" rowspan="2" width="8%" height="65" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">Transport</span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">TCP      (Transmission Control Protocol)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol      pertukaran data berorientasi (connection oriented)</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">UDP (User      Datagram Protocol)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol      pertukaran data non-orientasi (connectionless)</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" rowspan="4" width="5%" height="99" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">3</span></td>
<td style="border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" colspan="2" rowspan="4" width="10%" height="99" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">Network</span></td>
<td style="border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" rowspan="4" width="8%" height="99" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">Internet</span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">IP (Internet      Protocol)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk      menetapkan routing</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">RIP (Routing      Information Protocol)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk      memilih routing</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">ARP (Address      Resolution Protocol)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk      mendapatkan informasi hardware dari nomer IP</span></span></td>
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<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">RARP (Reverse      ARP)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk      mendapatkan informasi nomer IP dari hardware</span></span></td>
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<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" rowspan="3" width="5%" height="68" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">2</span></td>
<td style="border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" rowspan="3" width="5%" height="68" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">Datalink</span></td>
<td style="border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" rowspan="2" width="5%" height="49" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">LLC</span></td>
<td style="border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" rowspan="4" width="8%" height="88" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">Network Interface</span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">PPP (Point to      Point Protocol)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="16" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol untuk      point ke point</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="35%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">SLIP (Serial      Line Internet Protocol)</span></span></td>
<td style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-color: #111111; border-bottom-width: 1px;" width="41%" height="32" align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Protokol dengan      menggunakan sambungan serial</span></span></td>
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<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #111111; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px;" width="5%" height="18" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">MAC</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: medium none #111111; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px;" colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="32%" height="36" align="center">
<p align="right"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Ethernet, FDDI,      ISDN, ATM</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #111111; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px;" width="5%" height="19" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">1</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #111111; border-top-color: #111111; border-top-width: 1px;" colspan="2" width="10%" height="19" align="center"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">Fisik</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 85%;">Standarisasi masalah jaringan tidak hanya dilakukan oleh ISO saja, tetapi juga diselenggarakan oleh badan dunia lainnya seperti ITU (<em>International Telecommunication Union</em>), ANSI (<em>American  National Standard Institute</em>), NCITS (<em>National Committee for Information  Technology Standardization</em>), bahkan juga oleh lembaga asosiasi profesi IEEE  (<em>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</em>) dan ATM-Forum di Amerika. Pada prakteknya bahkan vendor-vendor produk LAN bahkan memakai standar yang dihasilkan IEEE. Kita bisa lihat misalnya badan pekerja yang dibentuk oleh IEEE yang banyak membuat standarisasi peralatan telekomunikasi seperti yang tertera pada Tabel 2. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><br />
</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Macam</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> – </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">macam</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Protokol</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> :</span></p>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">1.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">HTTP (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">HyperText</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> Transfer Protocol) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dipergunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mentransfer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dokumen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> World Wide Web (WWW). </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berstatus</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">generik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dipergunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berbagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">macam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tipe</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dokumen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></div>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">2.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Gopher </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">aplikasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mencari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">maklumat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> Internet, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tetapi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">hanya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> “text base” </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">saja</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berdasarkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">teks.Untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mendapatkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">maklumat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> Gopher, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">kita</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">harus</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menghubungkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">diri</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> Gopher server yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> Internet. Gopher </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> protocol yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sudah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> lama </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">saat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sudah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mulai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tinggalkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">karena</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">penggunaannya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sesedeharna</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> HTTP.</span></div>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">3.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">FTP (File Transfer Protocol) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sebuah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> Internet yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berjalan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">aplikasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">standar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pentransferan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berkas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (file) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">antar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mesin-mesin</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sebuah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> internetwork. FTP </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">salah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">satu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> Internet yang paling </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">awal</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dikembangkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">masih</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">hingga</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">saat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">melakukan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pengunduhan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (download) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">penggugahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (upload) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berkas-berkas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">antara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">klien</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> FTP </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> server FTP. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">umumnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> browser-browser </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">versi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">terbaru</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sudah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mendukung</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> FTP.</span></div>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">4.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Mailto, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Protokol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> mailto </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mengirim</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> email </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">melalu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> internet. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Bentuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> format </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> protocol </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> : mailto:nama_email@namahost </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">contoh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> : </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="mailto:otakkacau@yahoo.com">mailto:otakkacau@yahoo.com</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">5.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">standar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komunikasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> data yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komunitas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> internet </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">proses</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tukar-menukar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> data </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">satu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> lain </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> Internet.<br />
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<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: &quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;;"><br />
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<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: &quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;;">TIPE JARINGAN KOMPUTER</span></p>
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<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> Terminal to host</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span></div>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> Client Server</span></div>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Model </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">memisahkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jelas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mana</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">memberikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">layanan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (server) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mana</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">hanya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menerima</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">layanan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (client). </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Atau</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">definisi</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">yang lain, Internet </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menggunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">arsitektur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> client server. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Anda</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menjalankan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sebuah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> program yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> client </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> program </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berinteraksi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> program yang lain yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> server yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">diletakkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">remote computer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZutk9NvWI/AAAAAAAAAA0/liGtZqwHWXo/s1600-h/client+server.gif" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/4.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZutk9NvWI/AAAAAAAAAA0/liGtZqwHWXo/s1600-h/client+server.gif?referer=');"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397122932743716194" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 220px; height: 183px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZutk9NvWI/AAAAAAAAAA0/liGtZqwHWXo/s320/client+server.gif" border="0" alt="client+server Jaringan Komputer"  title="Jaringan Komputer" /></a></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 15pt; color: black;"> </span><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZu5HUdhJI/AAAAAAAAAA8/qnoc9vl7uDQ/s1600-h/client_server_architecture.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/2.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZu5HUdhJI/AAAAAAAAAA8/qnoc9vl7uDQ/s1600-h/client_server_architecture.jpg?referer=');"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397123130946585746" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 276px; height: 169px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZu5HUdhJI/AAAAAAAAAA8/qnoc9vl7uDQ/s320/client_server_architecture.jpg" border="0" alt="client server architecture Jaringan Komputer"  title="Jaringan Komputer" /></a></p>
<p><span style="font-family: &quot;;font-size:18pt;color:black;&quot;;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 15pt; color: black;"> </span></div>
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<p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 15pt; color: black;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 15pt; color: black;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 15pt; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 15pt; color: black;"> </span></div>
</div>
<p>gambar. client server</p>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">-</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">File server</span></div>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Suatu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berfungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komponen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">penyimpanan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lokal</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bisa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mengatur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> agar </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">para</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pengguna</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bisa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">memakai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bersama-sama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> hard disk, file </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">penyimpanan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> file.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span></p>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">-</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Disk server</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span></div>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Penggunaan unit disk dari suatu sistem jaringan oleh sistem jaringan lain.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span></p>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">-</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Print server</span></div>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">alat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dihubungkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">satu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> printer </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">alat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menerima</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">perintah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> print </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> &#8211; </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> lain </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mengirimkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> printer yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">telah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ditentukan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZ-SWVDqBI/AAAAAAAAACo/f--FVFauHnw/s1600-h/file+server.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/1.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZ-SWVDqBI/AAAAAAAAACo/f--FVFauHnw/s1600-h/file+server.jpg?referer=');"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397140057146763282" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 252px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuZ-SWVDqBI/AAAAAAAAACo/f--FVFauHnw/s320/file+server.jpg" border="0" alt="file+server Jaringan Komputer"  title="Jaringan Komputer" /></a></p>
<p>gambar (file server )</p>
<p><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuaDhFlNDiI/AAAAAAAAACw/Zm6rvj0r2JI/s1600-h/print+server.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/2.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuaDhFlNDiI/AAAAAAAAACw/Zm6rvj0r2JI/s1600-h/print+server.jpg?referer=');"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397145807907261986" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 230px; height: 180px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuaDhFlNDiI/AAAAAAAAACw/Zm6rvj0r2JI/s320/print+server.jpg" border="0" alt="print+server Jaringan Komputer"  title="Jaringan Komputer" /></a></p>
<p>gambar ( print server )</p>
<p><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuaDqjNepqI/AAAAAAAAAC4/L2dTnNex7S4/s1600-h/dsik+server.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/1.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuaDqjNepqI/AAAAAAAAAC4/L2dTnNex7S4/s1600-h/dsik+server.jpg?referer=');"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397145970479638178" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 140px; height: 126px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuaDqjNepqI/AAAAAAAAAC4/L2dTnNex7S4/s320/dsik+server.jpg" border="0" alt="dsik+server Jaringan Komputer"  title="Jaringan Komputer" /></a></p>
<p>gambar ( disk server )</p>
<p><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuaEBuh9vJI/AAAAAAAAADA/i8yd23MWupE/s1600-h/peer+to+peer+design.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/4.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuaEBuh9vJI/AAAAAAAAADA/i8yd23MWupE/s1600-h/peer+to+peer+design.png?referer=');"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397146368655342738" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 404px; height: 240px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuaEBuh9vJI/AAAAAAAAADA/i8yd23MWupE/s320/peer+to+peer+design.png" border="0" alt="peer+to+peer+design Jaringan Komputer"  title="Jaringan Komputer" /></a></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br />
</span></p>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> PAN ( </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Personal Area Network</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> )</span></div>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=network" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=network&amp;referer=');">jaringan</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=communication" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=communication&amp;referer=');">komunikasi</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">satu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">perangkat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> lain </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">perangkat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lainnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jarak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sangat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dekat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">hanya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">beberapa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> meter </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">saja</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">misalnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">antara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=computer" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=computer&amp;referer=');">komputer</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">diubungkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=Personal%20Digital%20Assistance" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=Personal_20Digital_20Assistance&amp;referer=');">Personal Digital Assistance</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (PDA). PAN </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komunikasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">antara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">perangkat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">penghubung</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">luas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lagi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=internet" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=internet&amp;referer=');">internet</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. PAN </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dihubungkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=bus" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=bus&amp;referer=');">bus</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=USB" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=USB&amp;referer=');">USB</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=Firewire" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=Firewire&amp;referer=');">Firewire</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuaFAzHycPI/AAAAAAAAADI/cWQEGBBXXCA/s1600-h/PAN.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/2.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuaFAzHycPI/AAAAAAAAADI/cWQEGBBXXCA/s1600-h/PAN.jpg?referer=');"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397147452219486450" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SuaFAzHycPI/AAAAAAAAADI/cWQEGBBXXCA/s320/PAN.jpg" border="0" alt="PAN Jaringan Komputer"  title="Jaringan Komputer" /></a></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 15pt; color: black;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 15pt; color: black;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br />
</span></p>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> CAN ( </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Campus Area Network</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> )<br />
</span></p>
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> LAN </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">( Local Area Network) </span></div>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sejumlah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dihubungkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">bersama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> areal </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tertentu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">begitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">luas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">satu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">kantor</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">gedung</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">LAN </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">tersusun</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">beberapa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">elemen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dasar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">meliputi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komponen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">hardware </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">software</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> :</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">1. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Komponen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Fisik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Komponen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> LAN yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">terdiri</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Personal Computer (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">PC</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">)</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Network Interface Card (NIC)</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">kabel</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">topologi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br />
</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<div style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">•</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> WAN ( Wide Area Network )</span></div>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=network" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=network&amp;referer=');">network</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">skala</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">luas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">biasanya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">antar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">gedung</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">daerah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">peralatan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=connect" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=connect&amp;referer=');">terkoneksi</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">satu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">lainnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">berbagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> media, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">misalnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">saluran</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">telepon</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> (PSTN), </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=wireless" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=wireless&amp;referer=');">wireless</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dll</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">satu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=service" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=service&amp;referer=');">servis</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=area" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=area&amp;referer=');">area</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">Sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">contoh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">aplikasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> WAN </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=computer" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=computer&amp;referer=');">komputer</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=access" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=access&amp;referer=');">mengakses</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ditempat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> yang lain </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">mengakses</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=information" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=information&amp;referer=');">informasi</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. Cara </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menghubungkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">komputer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jarak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jauh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">biasanya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menggunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> modem </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=dial%20up" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=dial_20up&amp;referer=');">dial up</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=circuit" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=circuit&amp;referer=');">sirkuit</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=frame%20relay" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=frame_20relay&amp;referer=');">frame relay</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sirkuit</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=ATM" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=ATM&amp;referer=');">ATM</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">sirkuit</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=ISDN" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=ISDN&amp;referer=');">ISDN</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=lease%20line%2056%20K" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=lease_20line_2056_20K&amp;referer=');">lease line 56 K</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">. Frame relay </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=protocol" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=protocol&amp;referer=');">protokol</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">aplikasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> WAN yang paling </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">ekonomis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=transfer" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=transfer&amp;referer=');">transfer</a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> data </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jarak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">jauh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 100%; color: black;">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SubJCkcxmeI/AAAAAAAAADQ/ZzPjTFABDMM/s1600-h/wan.gif" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/4.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SubJCkcxmeI/AAAAAAAAADQ/ZzPjTFABDMM/s1600-h/wan.gif?referer=');"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5397222249431407074" style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 237px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_CrsXYjZ4q14/SubJCkcxmeI/AAAAAAAAADQ/ZzPjTFABDMM/s320/wan.gif" border="0" alt="wan Jaringan Komputer"  title="Jaringan Komputer" /></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 15pt; color: black;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; color: black;"> </span></div>
<p>gambar ( WAN )</p>
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		<slash:comments>3</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>semoga mejadi awal yg baek&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.</title>
		<link>http://ferie-id.com/catatan/semoga-mejadi-awal-yg-baek</link>
		<comments>http://ferie-id.com/catatan/semoga-mejadi-awal-yg-baek#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 13 Dec 2009 17:15:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>inoecha</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Catatan]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Hotabis Blog Kontes</title>
		<link>http://ferie-id.com/contest-seo/hotabis-blog-kontes</link>
		<comments>http://ferie-id.com/contest-seo/hotabis-blog-kontes#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 21 Oct 2009 07:20:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ferie</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Contest SEO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[blog contest]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hotabis]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ferie-id.com/?p=396</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Tidak ada salahnya untuk ikutan, walaupun sedikit promosi, tetapi hadiahnya lumayan lho.. hehe&#8230;, nih aku langsung posting. Diambil dari Pengumuman portalnya. Dibaca dulu yah..
Dalam rangka memeriahkan Suasana Sumpah pemuda, Saya sebagai pemilik  Hotabis.com, mengundang seluruh pemilik web dan blogger-blogger nasional untuk mengikuti lomba Kecil-kecilan yang bertajuk Hotabis Blog Kontes.
Kontes ini akan dilaksanakan pada 20 [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" src="http://hotabis.com/main/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/hotabis-blog-kontes.jpg" alt="hotabis blog kontes Hotabis Blog Kontes" width="306" height="103" title="Hotabis Blog Kontes" />Tidak ada salahnya untuk ikutan, walaupun sedikit promosi, tetapi hadiahnya lumayan lho.. hehe&#8230;, nih aku langsung posting. Diambil dari Pengumuman portalnya. Dibaca dulu yah..</p>
<blockquote><p>Dalam rangka memeriahkan Suasana Sumpah pemuda, Saya sebagai pemilik  Hotabis.com, mengundang seluruh pemilik web dan blogger-blogger nasional untuk mengikuti lomba Kecil-kecilan yang bertajuk Hotabis Blog Kontes.<span id="more-396"></span></p>
<p>Kontes ini akan dilaksanakan pada 20 Oktober 2009 -20 Desember 2009 -, yang terbagi sebagai berikut :</p>
<p>Juara 1 Mendapatkan Paket Hosting 5 GB + Domain 1 Tahun</p>
<p>Juara 2 Mendapatkan Paket Hosting 2 GB + Domain 1 Tahun</p>
<p>Juara 3 Mendapatkan Paket Hosting 1 GB + Domain 1 Tahun</p>
<p>Dan hadiah hiburan Berupa paket Hosting sebesar 200MB untuk 10 orang terhitung mulai dari posisi 4 dan seterusnya.</p>
<p>Persyaratan Kontes:</p>
<p>1. Memiliki blog Blogspot, worpress dll, website pribadi, Facebook, Friendster, MySpace dan lain-lain.</p>
<p>2. Untuk megikuti kontes ini silahkan melakukan pendaftaran disini http://member.hotabis.com/register.php GRATIS!!!</p>
<p>3. Setelah anda melakukan pendaftaran silahkan anda mengambil link URL anda pada menu Affilite pada member area dan langsung bisa anda promosikan.</p>
<p>4. Pemenang dari kontes ini adalah link URL yang memiliki jumlah Visitor terbanyak ditambah dengan perhitungan lainnya yang bisa anda baca pada bagian bawah setelah parsyaratan Kontes.</p>
<p>5. Jangan Lupa Mencantumkan banner yang saya sediakan pada halaman postingan anda atau pada blog / website sebagai tanda bahwa blog atau website anda ikut berpartisipasi dalam kontes ini.</p>
<p>Pemenang kontes adalah Pemilik URL yang mempunyai Visitors Referred terbanyak ditambah dengan jumlah Visitor Signups. 1 Visitor Signups bernilai 100, jadi bila anda mendapatkan 10 Visitor signups maka  anda mendapatkan tambahan 1000 untuk menambah jumlah Visitors Referred anda. Dengan mengikuti Kontes ini anda juga berkesempatan mendapatkan Komisi langsung dari kami sebesar 25% untuk setiap transaksinya bila terjadi transaksi pembelian melalui link URL anda.</p></blockquote>
<p>Nah jika ada yang berminat, silakan Klik <a href="http://member.hotabis.com/aff.php?aff=011" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/member.hotabis.com/aff.php?aff=011&amp;referer=');">disini</a> untuk daftar. atau klik banner dibawah ini :<br />
<br/><a target=_blank" href="http://member.hotabis.com/aff.php?aff=011" alt="Hosting hotabis.com" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/member.hotabis.com/aff.php?aff=011&amp;referer=');"><br />
<img src="http://hotabis.com/main/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/hotabis-blog-kontes.jpg" width="120px" border="0" title="Hosting hotabis.com" alt="hotabis blog kontes Hotabis Blog Kontes" /><br />
</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Selamat Ulang tahun kuansing ke 10</title>
		<link>http://ferie-id.com/catatan/selamat-ulang-tahun-kuansing-ke-10</link>
		<comments>http://ferie-id.com/catatan/selamat-ulang-tahun-kuansing-ke-10#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Oct 2009 17:14:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ferie</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Catatan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[kuansing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ulang tahun]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ferie-id.com/?p=383</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Tidak terasa sudah 10 tahun Kabupaten kuantan singingi berdiri, pasca pemekaran dari dari Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu (Inhu) pada tahun 1999 yang lalu melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 53/1999. Kemaren senin, tanggal 12 Oktober 2009 dikibarkannya bendera merah putih, dan alunan lagu Indonesia Raya, disambut dengan gembiranya suasana saat apel pagi di berbagai instansi dan sekolah-sekolah di kuantan [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-384" title="lambang kuansing" src="http://ferie-id.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/lambang-kuansing.jpg" alt="lambang kuansing" width="120" height="162" />Tidak terasa sudah 10 tahun Kabupaten kuantan singingi berdiri, pasca pemekaran dari dari Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu (Inhu) pada tahun 1999 yang lalu melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 53/1999. Kemaren senin, tanggal 12 Oktober 2009 dikibarkannya bendera merah putih, dan alunan lagu Indonesia Raya, disambut dengan gembiranya suasana saat apel pagi di berbagai instansi dan sekolah-sekolah di kuantan singingi.</p>
<p>Berbagai acara yang di galang oleh <a href="http://www.kuansing.go.id/562/20091012/selamat-ulang-tahun-ke-10-kabupaten-kuantan-singingi/" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.kuansing.go.id/562/20091012/selamat-ulang-tahun-ke-10-kabupaten-kuantan-singingi/?referer=');">Pemda</a> setempat untuk memeriahkan <a href="http://ferie-id.com/2009/10/14/selamat-ulang-tahun-kuansing-ke-10/">peringatan ulang tahun kabupatennya yang ke 10</a> ini. Banyak hal yang telah diupayakan untuk kemajuan <em>&#8216;nagori&#8217; </em>selama 10 tahun silam. Banyak sudah pembangunan yang digerakkan demi tercapainya optimalisasi pelayanan terhadap masyarakat. Mungkin di hari Jadi Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi yang ke 10 ini, saatnya untuk meng-introspeksi apa-apa yang telah dilakukan dan di perbuat selama ini.<span id="more-383"></span></p>
<p>Moto &#8220;<a href="http://www.ronaldorozalino.com/2009/10/selamat-hari-ulang-tahun-kuantan.html" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.ronaldorozalino.com/2009/10/selamat-hari-ulang-tahun-kuantan.html?referer=');">Memacu jalur</a>&#8221; semoga dapat terwujud dalam tatanan kehidupan sehari-hari, baik di masyarakat maupun di kalangan Pemerintah Daerah sendiri.</p>
<blockquote><p>Dalam rangka Ulang Tahun Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi yang ke-10 ini sangat banyak persoalan yang perlu dievaluasi, tetapi pada kesempatan ini paling tidak ada tiga catatan besar yang ingin saya sampaikan, antara lain: Pertama, perkuat sumber daya manusia dengan segera mengimplementasikan hak dasar masyarakat untuk menikmati pendidikan. Sebagaimana diketahui pemerintah pusat telah merealisasikan anggaran pendidikan 20 persen dalam APBN tahun 2009.</p>
<p>Langkah ini seyogiyanya mendapat dukungan dan semakin memperkuat Pemerintah Daerah Kuantan Singingi untuk bisa menuntaskan persoalan keterbelakangan pengetahuan bagi masyarakat. Masalah kehidupan ini intinya adalah masalah sumber daya manusia (SDM) di Kuantan Singingi. Jika komitmen utama adalah ingin merubah kualitas manusia menjadi lebih baik, maka kehidupan ini arahnya juga lebih baik. Sebenarnya dukungan kepemimpinan sudah ada, hal ini dapat di lihat dari telah terimplementasinya sekolah bertarap internasional (International Bording School) atau Sekolah Pintar yang telah dirintis semenjak kepemimpinan Bupati Drs H Asrul Jaafar.</p>
<p>Kedua, perkuat perekonomian dengan memberdayakan sendi-sendi perekonomian kerakyatan. Krisis global yang kita rasakan hingga saat ini telah membuktikan bahwa konsep liberalisasi perekonomian tidak menciptakan kestabilan perekonomian, tapi pada ketergantungan dengan pihak lain atau bahayanya adalah memberikan peluang beberapa individu untuk menjadi penentu penggerak perekonomian.</p>
<p>Di samping itu, tidak salah jika kemiskinan akan mendekatkan orang pada kekafiran. Kekafiran adalah sebagai bentuk pengingkaran terhadap arah-arah perbaikan. Susah menjadi baik bisa disebabkan karena lemahnya pemenuhan keperluan-keperluan mendasar. Oleh karenanya orang akan mudah menempuh segala cara untuk pemenuhan keperluan tersebut. Sehingga pembentukan masyarakat madani (civil society) akan jauh lebih sulit.</p>
<p>Ketiga, perkuat nilai ketahanan spiritual masyarakat/keimanan. Tidak kalah pentingnya dengan kedua masalah di atas. Keimanan menjadi hal dasar kepercayaan ma-syarakat untuk memberikan dorongan, inspirasi dan penanaman nilai yang menjadi penentu penyeimbang kestabilan antara realitas fisik dan rohani. Masyarkat Kuantan Singingi mempunyai modal untuk ini, sehingga akan lebih mudah untuk mengembalikan akan kesadaran keimanan yang sekarang menurut saya sudah mulai banyak ditinggalkan. Di sinilah benih timbulnya ukuran bahagia dan di sini pula pemisah kejernihan antara yang patut dan tidak patut.</p>
<p>[oleh : <strong>Rama Putra SH MH, </strong>sumber : <a href="http://www.riaupos.com/berita.php?act=full&amp;id=4495&amp;kat=11" onclick="urchinTracker('/outgoing/www.riaupos.com/berita.php?act=full_amp_id=4495_amp_kat=11&amp;referer=');">riaupos</a>]</p></blockquote>
<p>Kehidupan Masyarakat kuantan singingi yang sangat kental dengan adat istiadat, tata cara pergaulan, dan norma-norma agama, telah menjadi identitas nagori, jangan sampai hilang digiling putaran waktu. Tata cara pergaulan muda-mudi yang semakin hari semakin menggila, budaya-budaya impor yang merusak akhlak dan moral &#8216;anak nagori&#8217;, semoga dapat kita bendung dengan Iman dan Ketakwaan kita beragama. Norma adat, dan agama adalah sebuah pegangan yang dilambangkan dengan &#8216;tali tigo sapilin&#8217; pada lambang Kuantan Singingi.</p>
<p>Sebuah kata &#8217;salut&#8217; terhadap prestasi pembangunan yang begitu pesat di berbagai penjuru wilayah Kabupaten Kuantan singingi. Fasilitas pelayanan terhadap masyarakat sudah boleh dikatakan merata, Namun apakah &#8216;kebodohan dan kemiskinan di Kabupaten ini sudah berkurang?&#8217;. Introspeksi diri bukan hanya pada golongan pemerintah saja, tetapi bagi semua warga negara ini, khususnya warga kabupaten kuansing. Yang terpenting dalam sebuah tatanan kehidupan adalah sebuah Kesadaran. Sadar akan hak, kewajiban, dan tanggung jawab, baik sebagai warga negara, maupun sebagai hamba yang sedang mengarungi Jembatan (dunia) terhadap hari esok (Akhirat).</p>
<p>Kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi setidaknya sudah dirasakan masyarakat, dengan adanya berbagai pelayanan informasi dan telekomunikasi. Kecanggihan Komputer dan internet sudah memudahkan masyarakat untuk memenuhi keperluan terhadap informasi dan berkomunikasi dengan sesamanya. Bravo juga buat pemda kuansing yang telah sukses membangun jaringan lokal Intranet, menggabungkan seluruh kecamatan yang ada di kabupaten kuansing.</p>
<p>Namun sebuah renungan untuk mengingat kembali makna pembangunan ini. Sudahkah kita mempergunakan semua fasilitas untuk hal-hal yang bermanfaat?. Ataukah kita terlena dengan keasyikan dunia teknologi dengan lupa akan kewajiban dan tanggung jawab?.</p>
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		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Sebuah renungan dibalik bencana</title>
		<link>http://ferie-id.com/catatan/sebuah-renungan-dibalik-bencana</link>
		<comments>http://ferie-id.com/catatan/sebuah-renungan-dibalik-bencana#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Oct 2009 17:52:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ferie</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Catatan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ferie-id.com/?p=377</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Bismillahirrohmanirrohiim.., Assalam semoga kita diberi keselamatan dunia dan Akhirat, amin.
Bermula dari ketidak sengajaan membuka list pesan rekan se-Pesbuk, ku langsung terduduk ketika melihat Jam ketika musibah gempa beberapa kali berturut-turut terjadi di Indonesia ini. Aku tidak bisa menyimpulkannya, apakah ini sebuah peringatan ataukah sebuah ujian.
Namun apakah isi pesan tersebut?.
Dari seorang kerabat &#8230;&#8230;.. Subhanallah! Renungkanlah &#8230;.. [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-378" title="090120061100" src="http://ferie-id.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/090120061100.jpg" alt="090120061100 Sebuah renungan dibalik bencana" width="200" height="150" />Bismillahirrohmanirrohiim.., Assalam semoga kita diberi keselamatan dunia dan Akhirat, amin.</p>
<p>Bermula dari ketidak sengajaan membuka list pesan rekan se-Pesbuk, ku langsung terduduk ketika melihat Jam ketika musibah gempa beberapa kali berturut-turut terjadi di Indonesia ini. Aku tidak bisa menyimpulkannya, apakah ini sebuah peringatan ataukah sebuah ujian.</p>
<p>Namun apakah isi pesan tersebut?.</p>
<blockquote><p><em>D</em><em>ari seorang kerabat &#8230;&#8230;.. Subhanallah! Renungkanlah &#8230;.. Gempa d Tasik pkl 15:04, d Padang 17:16 , gempa susulan 17:58, besoknya d Jambi 8:52. Coba lihat Alquran &#8230; no.surat : ayat sesuai jam2 tersebut &#8230;.. Astagfirullahaladziim&#8230;&#8230;..<span id="more-377"></span></em></p></blockquote>
<p>Nah disana kita disuruh kembali ke Al-quran. Gempa di Tasik pukul 15:04, dan surah 15 ayat 4 di Alquran.</p>
<h1 style="text-align: right;">وَمَا أَهْلَكْنَا مِن قَرْيَةٍ إِلاَّ وَلَهَا كِتَابٌ مَّعْلُومٌ</h1>
<p>Artinya : <em>Dan Kami tiada  membinasakan sesuatu negeripun, melainkan ada baginya ketentuan masa yang telah  ditetapkan. [<strong>QS. Al-Hijr : 04</strong>]<br />
</em></p>
<p>Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan Gempa Sumbar Pukul 17:16, dan Alquran Surah 17 ayat 16/Al-israa&#8217;.</p>
<h1 style="text-align: right;">وَإِذَا أَرَدْنَا أَن نُّهْلِكَ قَرْيَةً أَمَرْنَا مُتْرَفِيهَا فَفَسَقُواْ فِيهَا فَحَقَّ عَلَيْهَا الْقَوْلُ فَدَمَّرْنَاهَا تَدْمِيراً</h1>
<p>Artinya :<em> Dan jika Kami hendak membinasakan suatu negeri, maka Kami perintahkan kepada  orang-orang yang hidup mewah di negeri itu (supaya mentaati Allah) tetapi mereka  melakukan kedurhakaan dalam negeri itu, maka sudah sepantasnya berlaku  terhadapnya perkataan (ketentuan Kami), kemudian Kami hancurkan negeri itu  sehancur-hancurnya. [<strong>QS. Al-Israa' : 16</strong>]</em></p>
<p>Kemudian terjadi lagi gempa susulannya pukul 17:58, dan bandingkan dengan Alquran Surah 17<em> </em>Ayat 58/Israa&#8217; : 58<em>.</em></p>
<h1 style="text-align: right;">وَإِن مَّن قَرْيَةٍ إِلاَّ نَحْنُ مُهْلِكُوهَا قَبْلَ يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ أَوْ مُعَذِّبُوهَا عَذَاباً شَدِيداً كَانَ ذَلِك فِي الْكِتَابِ مَسْطُوراً</h1>
<p>Artinya : <em>Tak ada suatu negeripun (yang durhaka penduduknya), melainkan Kami  membinasakannya sebelum hari kiamat atau Kami azab (penduduknya) dengan azab  yang sangat keras. Yang demikian itu telah tertulis di dalam kitab (Lauh  Mahfuzh). [<strong>QS. Al-Israa' : 58</strong>]</em></p>
<p>Setelah itu besok harinya gempa juga terjadi di Jambi pukul 4:52, bandingkan dengan Alquran Surat 8 Ayat 52 / Al-Anfaal :  52.</p>
<h1 style="text-align: right;">كَدَأْبِ آلِ فِرْعَوْنَ وَالَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِهِمْ كَفَرُواْ بِآيَاتِ اللّهِ فَأَخَذَهُمُ اللّهُ بِذُنُوبِهِمْ إِنَّ اللّهَ قَوِيٌّ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ</h1>
<p>Artinya : <span><em>(keadaan mereka) serupa dengan keadaan Fir&#8217;aun dan pengikut-pengikutnya serta  orang-orang yang sebelumnya. Mereka mengingkari ayat-ayat Allah, maka Allah  menyiksa mereka disebabkan dosa-dosanya. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Kuat lagi amat  keras siksaan-Nya. </em></span></p>
<p><span><em><br />
</em><br />
</span>Ucapkan Istighfar, Astaghfirullah haladziim. Allahua&#8217;lam, itu sebuah kehendak Allah SWT. Bersyukurlah bagi kita yang masih dapat mempelajari dan meyakini akan peringatan Allah swt. Kita kembali kepada diri kita masing-masing, siapakah diri kita?, untuk apa kita dilahirkan?, bagaimana seharusnya kita dalam kehidupan sehari-hari karena kita ini adalah ciptaanNya. Secara sengaja atau tidak sengaja kita sering berprasangka buruk kepada Allah. Kadang ketika ditimpa musibah, kita mengatakan Allah sudah tidak sayang sama kita, tapi ketika kita diberi kekayaan, kita mengatakan Allah sedang sayang kepada kita, sedangkan kita tidak tahu sedikitpun tentang tujuan Allah memberikan sesuatu terhadap hambanya. Bukankah itu sebuah kekufuran?. Pernahkah kita bersyukur dengan apa yang Allah berikan kepada kita?.</p>
<p>Mari berdoa untuk saudara kita yang menjadi korban bencana itu. Semoga Arwahnya diterima disisi Allah, dan amal ibadah mereka selama ini menjadi sebuah penuntun bagi mereka untuk kembali padaNya. Amin</p>
<p><script type="text/javascript">// <![CDATA[
if (!document.layers)
document.write('</p>
<div id="menu" style="position:absolute" mce_style="position:absolute">')
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<p style="text-align: right;"><em><br />
</em></p>
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		<item>
		<title>Daftar Korban tewas gempa sumbar 30 september 2009</title>
		<link>http://ferie-id.com/catatan/daftar-korban-tewas-gempa-sumbar-30-september-2009</link>
		<comments>http://ferie-id.com/catatan/daftar-korban-tewas-gempa-sumbar-30-september-2009#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 02 Oct 2009 04:41:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ferie</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Berita]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Catatan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ferie-id.com/?p=373</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ Kabar terkini daftar korban pasca gempa di sumatra barat sejak 30 september kemaren, hingga sekarang, sementara berjumlah 528 orang tewas, dengan rincian di kota padang 376 orang, pariaman 62 orang, pasaman 75 orang, padang panjang 3 orang, solok 2 orang. Sampai saat ini kita masih menunggu kabar selanjutnya.
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-374" title="daftar korban gempa" src="http://ferie-id.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/daftar-korban-gempa.JPG" alt="daftar korban gempa" width="361" height="250" /> Kabar terkini daftar korban pasca gempa di sumatra barat sejak 30 september kemaren, hingga sekarang, sementara berjumlah 528 orang tewas, dengan rincian di kota padang 376 orang, pariaman 62 orang, pasaman 75 orang, padang panjang 3 orang, solok 2 orang. Sampai saat ini kita masih menunggu kabar selanjutnya.</p>
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		<slash:comments>14</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Video Gempa dari Youtube</title>
		<link>http://ferie-id.com/catatan/video-gempa-dari-youtube</link>
		<comments>http://ferie-id.com/catatan/video-gempa-dari-youtube#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 02 Oct 2009 04:16:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ferie</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Berita]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ferie-id.com/?p=368</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Berikut sebuah Video dari YOUTUBE.COM tentang detik-detik terjadinya gempa, di padang hari rabu tanggal 30 september 2009

Berikut video sesaat setelah terjadinya gempa

]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Berikut sebuah Video dari YOUTUBE.COM tentang detik-detik terjadinya gempa, di padang hari rabu tanggal 30 september 2009</p>
<p><object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" width="425" height="344" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always" /><param name="src" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/-I3_pPE1VME&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1&amp;" /><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/-I3_pPE1VME&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1&amp;" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object><span id="more-368"></span></p>
<p>Berikut video sesaat setelah terjadinya gempa<br />
<object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" width="425" height="344" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always" /><param name="src" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/ZzDPp-iRwYc&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1&amp;" /><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ZzDPp-iRwYc&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1&amp;" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
		<title>Daftar Gedung Runtuh di Sumbar Pasca Gempa 30 September 2009</title>
		<link>http://ferie-id.com/catatan/daftar-gedung-runtuh-di-sumbar-pasca-gempa-30-september-2009</link>
		<comments>http://ferie-id.com/catatan/daftar-gedung-runtuh-di-sumbar-pasca-gempa-30-september-2009#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2009 06:16:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Ferie</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Berita]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Catatan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ferie-id.com/?p=363</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Padang Detik.com &#8211; Ratusan gedung di Kota Padang ambruk dan rusak berat karena gempa 7,6 SR. Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Nasional (BNPB) melansir beberapa di antaranya sebagaimana yang dilansir dalam websitenya, Kamis (1/10/2009). Gedung itu antara lain:
* Dinas Kelautan Perikanan Provinsi Sumatera Barat (ambruk)
* Gedung Suzuki Sawahan (ambruk)
* 5 unit ruko Sawahan (ambruk)
* Hyundai Sawahan (ambruk)
* [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" src="http://www.detiknews.com/images/content/2009/10/01/10/padang.jpg" alt="padang Daftar Gedung Runtuh di Sumbar Pasca Gempa 30 September 2009" width="285" height="214" title="Daftar Gedung Runtuh di Sumbar Pasca Gempa 30 September 2009" /><strong>Padang Detik.com</strong> &#8211; Ratusan gedung di Kota Padang ambruk dan rusak berat karena <a href="http://ferie-id.com/2009/09/30/gempa-sumbar-76-sr-tanggal-30-september-2009/">gempa 7,6 SR</a>. Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Nasional (BNPB) melansir beberapa di antaranya sebagaimana yang dilansir dalam websitenya, Kamis (1/10/2009). Gedung itu antara lain:</p>
<p>* Dinas Kelautan Perikanan Provinsi Sumatera Barat (ambruk)<br />
* Gedung Suzuki Sawahan (ambruk)<br />
* 5 unit ruko Sawahan (ambruk)<br />
* Hyundai Sawahan (ambruk)<br />
* LB LIA Padang (ambruk)<br />
* Dinas Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah Prov Sumbar (ambruk)<br />
* Hotel Ambacang (ambruk)<br />
* Toko Makanan Shirley (ambruk)<span id="more-363"></span><br />
* SD AGNES di Jalan Gereja (ambruk)<br />
* SDN 30  (ambruk)<br />
* Dealer Kapela Medan (ambruk)<br />
* Kantor CTA (ambruk)<br />
* PT. AGD Bypass (ambruk)<br />
* Gedung Kuantum (ambruk)<br />
* Kantor Adira Finance (ambruk)<br />
* Gedung Bunda Jaya, Ulak Karang (ambruk)<br />
* Mulya Elektronik (ambruk)<br />
* 6 unit ruko di Simpang Haru (ambruk)<br />
* 4 unit ruko di wilayah bypass (ambruk)<br />
* Gedung proton (ambruk)<br />
* Gedung LP3I (ambruk)<br />
* Pengadilan Negeri Siteba (ambruk)<br />
* Balai Kota Padang (rusak berat)<br />
* Matahari Dept. Store (rusak berat)<br />
* Plaza Andalas (rusak berat)<br />
* Sentral Pasar Raya Padang (rusak berat)<br />
* Bank Indonesia (rusak berat)<br />
* Bappeda Provinsi Sumbar (rusak berat)<br />
* Hotel Ina Muara (rusak berat)<br />
* DPRD Kota Padang (rusak berat)<br />
* DPRD Prov Sumbar (rusak berat)<br />
* PJKA (rusak berat)<br />
* Rumah makan Lamun Ombak (rusak berat)<br />
* Pasar Simpang Haru (rusak berat)<br />
* Masjid Muhammadiyah Simpang Haru (rusak berat)</p>
<p>BNPB menyatakan, sebagian besar gedung kantor di lingkungan Kantor Gubernur Sumatera Barat termasuk Badang Kesbangpol dan linmas Provinsi Sumatera Barat dan gedung Pusdalops Penanggulangan Bencana (Crisis Center) Sumatera Barat mengalami rusak berat.</p>
<p>Ratusan rumah warga di Kota Padang juga mengalami kerusakan, mulai rusak sedang hingga rusak berat. Jumlah kerusakan rumah penduduk yang telah terdata sebanyak 32 unit yaitu 20 unit rusak berat dan 5 unit ambruk di tunggul hitam, 3 unit ambruk di Komplek Bumi Minang Korong Gadang dan 4 unit ambruk di Komplek Taruko I.</p>
<p>Jalan juga mengalami kerusakan di sejumlah titik di Kota Padang di antaranya di Bungus Teluk Kabung, dan terjadi pula kebakaran di sejumlah titik di Kota Padang, di antaranya di arah Pasar Raya Padang.</p>
<p>Saat ini Bandara International Minangkabau dan Bandar Udara Tabing Padang terlah dapat beroprasi kembali saat ini yang sebelumnya sempat ditutup. <strong> (nrl/iy Detik.com)<br />
</strong></p>
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